It also means to put something in its place, or putting something in order for something else such as gathering together the things that are required of a recipe so that we may later prepare it, the step-by-step process involved in preparing to bring about a desirable end. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. the permanent, unchanging things in contrast to the things that change. When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. The same principle operates in Islams rejection of any images of Allah for to represent Him as an image or idea turns Him into a thing. Each of the prompts is discussed in turn below: This is a useful prompt in that one may be able to respond to it in the simplest of terms or one may proceed to the very abyss of what thinking is in ones response to it. We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. It is through research that we believe we can uncover that which has been hidden. What counts as a good justification for a claim? It is the final statement, nothing is without reason, that must be understood here. This helps us to understand what Socrates meant when he said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness, such a madness as one sees in Macbeth at the end of that play. To experiment is where we intervene in something to see what happens: if we do such and such, only now we do so in anticipation of regularity, e.g. Bob has also created the harmonies for music on todays podcast, theyre really beautiful. In your discussion, defining counts and knowledge will be crucial as well as demonstrating how the images you have chosen illustrate your interpretations of these key terms. Not all knowledge is good, it seems. Correctness is understood as the translation of the Latinadaequatioand the Greekhomoisis. (See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. 34. A link that might be of some help with a discussion of this broad theme is posted here: The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. they may provide a better description of the whence of the objects under examination. It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. It is the system that makes information possible. These are written about at length in other entries in this blog and reviewing them might be helpful with your Exhibition under this prompt. values and beliefs of an individual because they discover something new to their ears, eyes and. Beings as a whole are now taken in such a way that they are in being first and only insofar as they are presented by the human being as the representer and producer, that is, as objects. A culture is the way of life: the customs, civilization, achievement and values of a particular group of people at a particular time. Human being is not aware of itself by focusing on its experiences, but in what it does, uses, expects, avoids, in things it is concerned about in the world around it. What makes the being of objects possible is Reason itself. minds. Finally, you should also include appropriate citations and references. 22. Since we are beings in bodies and we are in being-in-the-world, when we act, our actions are thoroughly situated in a context that includes the sort of person that we are (our constitution), the circumstances in which we find ourselves, the events that led up to our actions, and the events that will follow from whatever we do. Bookmark. (about 100 words) In the Theory of Knowledge exhibition, I will be talking about the three objects of my choice and the prompt I have linked them to. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. Culture is a 19th century word and has come to prominence with the arrival and dominance of the Human Sciences as a way of viewing the world. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? The word will here is like how we use it in free will, in that it means "a causation leading to a desired effect/result". The history of what is called objectivity begins with the French philosopher Rene Descartes and through him, what we callhumanism, human beings as the centre of all that is. The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. what counts as good evidence. We can look at our recovery from various illnesses to see improvements in health care and in the treatment of various diseases. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs | Clastify Theory of Knowledge : TOK Exhibition Written Commentary. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? let alone the things of nature, are not truly mirrors in which we behold only ourselves (Heidegger). It is an awareness or a familiarity with a subject be it theoretical or practical. Notice the relation to prompt #1 and prompt #3: usefulness is that knowledge which may be counted on and relied on and, thus, may be found in our mathematical physics, etc. An account is an account only if it is handed over. It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. Our falling away into subjective truth is not a fault of human beings: that the gods offered themselves more fully to the Greeks than to us is not our fault. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. the book is on the table, etc. are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. In Latin, this account is ratio:the ground of the truth of judgement isratio. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. 27. Calculus arises from the need to be secure about what some thing is; it is a counting on something. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? We are obliged to the things about us if we want them to work at their most efficient level. The development of the media from the Gutenberg press to modern social apps and the consequences of these developments is certainly a topic or theme that can be addressed here. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe.Socrates once said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness and he demonstrated this in the figure of the tyrant for whom and in whom all sense ofothernesshas disappeared. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge? What is the relationship between knowledge and culture? Clearly, not knowing how a hand phone works is not an indication of madness on our part, but then what is the knowledge that is being spoken about by Socrates? The comment should also justify the inclusion of the object in the exhibition and explain its links to the IA prompt (i.e. The emergence of the world-picture and the knowledge and culture derived from it involves an essential decision about beings as a whole. How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge? How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? The Natural Sciences: Historical Background; View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. Sickness in the soul is determined to be an insurrection that results when the mode of comportment of the soul comes into conflict with another mode of comportment; we might call this a conflict of conscience. Your email address will not be published. Reason renders an account of the truth of judgement. Einstein, for example, has been quite clear that it was not reason only that brought about his theory of relativity but that imagination played a great part in its final coming-to-be. Because reason is aratio,an account, if it is not given a judgement remains without justification. The book Les malheurs de Sophie was made by Kounouz about the misfortunes of a girl named Sophie. Although these methods are different from the ones in other areas of knowledge, they are still valuable methods of inquiry. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. Your TOK exhibition is worth 35% of the grade. In TOK we are asked to put questions to what we think we know and how we think we know. It is what you are doing in your Exhibition which we can say is an event. When we ask what counts as knowledge, the language of the question should surprise us. To what areas of knowledge do the images/objects you have chosen belong? The discussion of how knowledges applications are esteemed to have higher value than theoretical knowledge or phronetic knowledge are apropos here, although this was not the case in other cultures at other times. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. Dianoiais that thinking which brings separate things together and allows those things to be seen as units, ones or monads. Answer (1 of 25): A value judgment must be based on knowledge, belief, or assumption (assumption as in a generalization). The exhibition, understood as both a noun and a verb, aims to assess how you can apply TOK concepts to the real world by requiring that you bring to presence, bring out of hiding and to hold out, ex-hibit, evidence of your ability to discourse on the subject matter that you have been studying and questioning in the course. This demand that reasons must be rendered is what is empoweringin the principle of reason. Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. TOK. If one follows through on this distinction between ignorance and madness, one can see that a great deal of madness is prevalent today in advanced societies. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs tok The Mayan calendar consists of multiple cycles of different lengths. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. The principle of reason states: nothing is without (a) cause or nothing is without a reason or nothing is without reason. Arts purpose is to change the manner in which we see or view the world. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. The philosophical tradition believed that there was a knowledge which was accessible through reason that was permanent and unchanging, a truth that would be true in all times and all places about the most important things. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? We call these facts, but they are facts only within the system that allows them to be seen as such. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. Just as the essence of technology is not itself technological, so the essence of calculation and the calculable is not accessible to calculation. This perfection is the striving for the completeness of the foundation. Implication is the act of implying,the state of being implied. Useful to/for whom? For Plato, the truelogosis silent to the soul which does not have the possibility of hearing it i.e. Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. This revealing of hidden things is like the cherry tree that is currently bursting into bloom, revealing what has been concealed regarding its essence up to this time. It has the connotations of to live, or to live through. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. Whether they are the ulemasof Muslim societies or the talking heads of the think-tanks of technological societies, it is the experts who determine how truth has been interpreted and how it should be applied to human actions within communities. In short, your TOK exhibition is a holding forth by you demonstrating how you understand some of the key TOK terms and how you are able to apply them to the real world. Can you explain it? This prompt speaks to the reasons or grounds that some actions should not be taken prior to reflection on their being undertaken presumably because the ends of those actions are not good ends. This prompt asks you to inquire whether objectivity is possible given its assertion of the negative as to whether or not bias is inevitable (See prompt #28). To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. We believe we have knowledge when our representations in our minds correspond to the things that we are inquiring about. what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. Suffice it to say that it must be asked: where in all human activity do human beings encounter their essence, what they truly are? Of course, the prompt should involve some thought regarding how we treat the world and the inhabitants within it and some thought must be given to how money is involved in many situations and conditions that students will have to face once they have made the grade and succeeded in the game where knowledge is valued according to its applications. From Platos dialectic or that conversation that is conducted among friends, we have inductive and deductive logic, from diaeresisanddianoia,the separation and the bringing together. This is really what the writings of this entire blog are about; and this is where thought begins, not where it is finished. 4. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. Thus we resigned ourselves to the new situation the moment we could make dependable predictions. This gathering and laying is a reciprocal relationship, a two-fold back and forth relationship involving both you as knower and the things that you know, the images or objects you have chosen. is. It becomes something subjective. 11. Is Galileos view an improvement on Aristotles view of nature is, of course, another question entirely and one which you may explore in your Exhibition. are also objects that could come under consideration with this prompt. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? This merging and movement towards fascism, where the political leaders interests are considered as the public interests, is a worrying trend not only in America but in all parts of the world today. What is the knowledge the lack of which is an indication of our madness? . For example, the virtue of a thoroughbred racehorse is to run fast; it is not good if it does not or cannot do so. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge: We might begin a response to this prompt by saying that if there are things then they are knowable by the very fact of their being a thing. She can help bring that health out into the open. 2, AOK: Individuals and Societies: Supplementary Notes, AOK History: Thoughts on Systemic Racism in North America, https://open.spotify.com/show/1qLxnSGpz4EeLeWZqjXmwt, A Reading of William Blakes The Tyger: Technology as Knowing and Making, Deconstructing the November 2018 Prescribed Titles for TOK Essays, TOK: Deconstructing the November 2017 Titles, It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can be, Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. What do these choices indicate? To that extent, we have renounced the type of description of nature that was customary for centuries and that had been valid as the self-evident goal of all exact natural science. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background; Notes on Ancient Greek Philosophy and Modern Science. the technological. 5. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. What is this? These have to do with communities. How this conflict will be resolved is a matter for the future, but one cannot be optimistic regarding what the outcomes might be. When what is is defined as object, as object it becomes the ground and basis of all things, their determinations as to what they are, and the kinds of questioning that determine those determinations. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. and feel more politically effective in influencing people to politics are politically active. In responses to the other prompts, the interpretations of the key concepts in those prompts suggest that not only is objectivity possible, it is our way of being-in-the-world, for it is through our perceptions of things that we turn everything into an object; and it is only by being an object that we can begin any discussion of them and, thus, acquire any knowledge of them. One can experience fear, for example, by feeling it or by witnessing it. Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. It is the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings, which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language and their conception of a thing as a subject with accidents. There are many examples from the medical professions. The virtue of some thing was its usefulness or goodness, and it had to do with its potentialities or possibilities. 13. Do we really know what we mean when we say counts? What knowledge itself is does not change, and all knowledge is based on an interpretation. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. Who knew? Although dialectic is now considered a complex philosophical term, in its original sense it could mean nothing more than a discussion among friends at Starbucks over coffee. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption. Should some knowledge not be sought on ethical grounds? They are either accepted or rejected and no further discourse is possible about them. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? Change being negative and positive. If the "newly acquired knowledge" makes significantly more sense than the "established" values, it would seem to make good sense to change your values, providing the new knowledge does not violate your ethics or morals. Representational thinking, the thinking in images and ideas, the representedness, belongs to the objectness of objects. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. You will then find three objects or images of objects that relate to this prompt and develop your interpretation accordingly. While most of the sufficient reasons are supplied through logic and logistics in mathematical calculations, examples for this calculating reasoning may be taken from almost anywhere and it will be your task to show their relationship to each other in making the assertions you will make regarding the three images or objects that you have chosen. New knowledge then . Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience: One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. A world-picture is usually associated with science or a science (the mechanistic world-picture, the physicists world-picture, the chemists world-picture, etc. It is what we call research, a searching again for what has been lost. To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. Technology itself is a disclosive looking and is not to be understood as manufacturing. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. A good-looking and whimsical maid from Thrace laughed at him and told him that while he might passionately want to know all things in the universe, the things in front of his very nose and feet were unseen by him. Plato adds, This jest also fits all those who become involved in philosophy. One is laid beside the other so that the one is orientated and conforms to the other by means of a relationship that you will establish. There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. A sufficient reason is the identification of a subject or theme with its predicates; it is the identification of the causes for some things being what and how it is. You might wish to consider how IT managers and creators mold our acquisition of knowledge by how they portray information as knowledge and how our language is being formed and manipulated by what is considered knowledge through this technology of the helmsmen. People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? But what about the things that are about us? The principle of reason is what is in operation when we say I get it! in English, for it is the manner in which we take something on, deal with it, perceive it. Our understandings and interpretations of our experiences are, for the most part, culturally determined and this is what we have come to call shared knowledge. Ignorance is rooted in unfamiliarity, not having seen something or other yet appearing to oneself and to others as if one did know it. An exact science leads to an exact machine technology. These questions are embedded in our understanding of causality and in our cognition through our search for reasons to understand why a thing is the way it is. Until they become a thing, they are not knowable. Whence means from where, when and speaks of the origins of the thing in question. Take a closer look at the IB curriculum that you are studying. What this question is asking is can the knowledge that we learned changed beliefs or values that we were taught by our guardians since we were born in other words, the knowledge that we grew up on. They are considered experts because they have that knowledge by acquaintance with the subject matter upon which they speak. Human being does not have a constant, project-independent understanding of itself: it first understands itself, or understands itself anew, after the projection. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. But the end for the Greeks was to demonstrate why their trust was an appropriate response to the things that are and this trust overcame the doubt and skepticism that initiated their search for knowledge. Seeking truth for these communities of knowers is much like swimming inside the local lagoon here in Bali where the contours and shapes and the security of ones activities can be carried out without the need to go beyond the safety and security of the surrounding reef to the area where the dangers of the big surf lie and where the sharks await. The belief of the first type is axiomaticin that it is based upon first principles or self-evident truths. This is done in the modern physical sciences. Aleksandra Sachajko Confederate battle flag Since 1861 the Confederate flag has been a symbol of the American white supremacy, which is a belief that the white race is pure and superior to other races. This word has only recently come to prominence (19th century) and yet even the Pope himself uses this word when speaking of how Roman Catholics should be in the world. It is commonly understood that people who are more knowledgeable in political realm.